The active power flowing via AC and DC substations in the HVDC system is determined using Eqs. (14) and (15) correspondingly. The HVDC system, seen in Fig. 1, consists of an AC substation at the start of the DC transmission line and a DC substation at the conclusion of the line.
The AC substation is equipped with an AC to DC converter, whereas the DC substation has a DC to AC converter. Thus, the active power of each substation can be determined by utilizing the active power flowing over the DC transmission line, as expressed in Eqs. (14) and (15).
The paper considers the reactive power of AC and DC substations in the HVDC system as a decision-making or independent variable. However, their active power is a dependent variable determined by relations (14) and (15). The Eq. (25) is true for several types of production units 16, 17.
However, only the active power is transmitted in the DC line. Thus, Eq. (22) just incorporates the constraint of active power in the DC line. The maximum amount of apparent power that can flow via AC and DC substations in the HVDC system, as well as GUs, is described by Eqs. (23)- (25) in reference 16.
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