Battery technologies for grid-scale energy storage
This Review discusses the application and development of grid-scale battery energy-storage technologies.
This Review discusses the application and development of grid-scale battery energy-storage technologies.
Electricity can be stored directly for a short time in capacitors, somewhat longer electrochemically in batteries, and much longer chemically (e.g. hydrogen), mechanically (e.g. pumped hydropower) or as heat. The first pumped hydroelectricity was constructed at the end of the 19th century around the Alps in Italy, Austria, and Switzerland. The technique rapidly expanded during the 1960s to 1980s nuclear boom,
China led the market in grid-scale battery storage additions in 2022, with annual installations approaching 5 GW. This was followed closely by the United States, which commissioned
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In order to achieve grid-scale storage technologies, the future of energy storage will require improvements in materials, recycling, deployment, and policy. These innovations will be
EIA reports that the United States installed approximately 10.9 GW of energy ac storage onto the electric grid in 2024—up 53% y/y as a result of high levels of deployment in all sectors.
Energy from sunlight or other renewable energy is converted to potential energy for storage in devices such as electric batteries. The stored potential energy is later converted to electricity that is added to
Energy storage boosts electric grid reliability and lowers costs, 47 as storage technologies become more efficient and economically viable. One study found that the economic value of energy storage in the
Capacity in interconnection queues as of the end of 2024. (From Excel data file). Electric transmission system operators (ISOs, RTOs, or utilities) require proposed power plants seeking to connect to the
In 2025, capacity growth from battery storage could set a record as operators report plans to add 19.6 GW of utility-scale battery storage to the grid, according to our January 2025
Texas and California continue to lead the market, with 61% of the total installed capacity in Q4, while the remaining 39% was installed across 13 states, expanding storage deployment
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